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<title>Fucoxanthin</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fucoxanthin</span></span>

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<caption>Fucoxanthin

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a>

<div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">(3<i>S</i>,5<i>R</i>,6<i>M</i>,3′<i>S</i>,5′<i>R</i>,6′<i>S</i>)-5′,6′-Epoxy-5,3′-dihydroxy-8′-oxo-6,7-didehydro-5,6,5′,6′,7′,8′-hexahydro-β,β-caroten-3-yl acetate</div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a>

<div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">(1<i>S</i>,3<i>R</i>,4<i>M</i>)-3-Hydroxy-4-{(3<i>E</i>,5<i>E</i>,7<i>E</i>,9<i>E</i>,11<i>E</i>,13<i>E</i>,15<i>E</i>,17<i>E</i>)-18-[(1<i>S</i>,4<i>S</i>,6<i>R</i>)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-17-oxooctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-ylidene}-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl acetate</div></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div>

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3351-86-8">3351-86-8</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div>

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div>

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<td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC%28%3DCC%3DCC%3DC%28C%29C%3DCC%3DC%28C%29C%28%3DO%29CC12C%28CC%28CC1%28O2%29C%29O%29%28C%29C%29C%3DCC%3DC%28C%29C%3DC%3DC3C%28CC%28CC3%28C%29O%29OC%28%3DO%29C%29%28C%29C">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div>

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Beilstein_database" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein Reference</a></div>

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<td>6580822

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<td><a href="ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a>

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<td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=5186">CHEBI:5186</a></span></li></ul></div>

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<td><a href="ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a>

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<td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1575074">ChEMBL1575074</a></span></li></ul></div>

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<td><a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>

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<td><a href="ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a>

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<td><a href="European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a>

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div>

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div>

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<td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID901031617">DTXSID901031617</a> </span></li></ul></div>

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<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div>

<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C42H58O6/c1-29(18-14-19-31(3)22-23-37-38(6,7)26-35(47-33(5)43)27-40(37,10)46)16-12-13-17-30(2)20-15-21-32(4)36(45)28-42-39(8,9)24-34(44)25-41(42,11)48-42/h12-22,34-35,44,46H,24-28H2,1-11H3/b13-12+,18-14+,20-15+,29-16+,30-17+,31-19+,32-21+/t23-,34-,35-,40+,41+,42-/m0/s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: SJWWTRQNNRNTPU-XJUZQKKNSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/C42H58O6/c1-29(18-14-19-31(3)22-23-37-38(6,7)26-35(47-33(5)43)27-40(37,10)46)16-12-13-17-30(2)20-15-21-32(4)36(45)28-42-39(8,9)24-34(44)25-41(42,11)48-42/h12-22,34-35,44,46H,24-28H2,1-11H3/b13-12+,18-14+,20-15+,29-16+,30-17+,31-19+,32-21+/t23-,34-,35-,40+,41+,42-/m0/s1</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: SJWWTRQNNRNTPU-XJUZQKKNBP</div></div></li></ul>

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<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div>

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties

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<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div>

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<td><a href="Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a>

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<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>:

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div>

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<td><b>Warning</b>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div>

<div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink nourlexpansion"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=437956950&page2=Fucoxanthin">verify</a></span> (what is <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?)

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<div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;">Infobox references</div>

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<p><b>Fucoxanthin</b> is a <a href="Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">xanthophyll</a>, with formula C<sub>42</sub>H<sub>58</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. It is found as an <a href="Accessory_pigment" title="Accessory pigment">accessory pigment</a> in the <a href="Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> of <a href="Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a> and most other <a href="Heterokont" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokont">heterokonts</a>, giving them a brown or olive-green color. Fucoxanthin absorbs light primarily in the blue-green to yellow-green part of the <a href="Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>, peaking at around 510–525 <a href="Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a> by various estimates and absorbing significantly in the range of 450 to 540 nm.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div>

<p><a href="Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">Carotenoids</a> are pigments produced by plants and algae and play a role in light harvesting as part of the <a href="Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> process. Xanthophylls are a subset of carotenoids, identified by the fact that they are oxygenated either as hydroxyl groups or as epoxide bridges. This makes them more water soluble than carotenes such as beta-carotene. Fucoxanthin is a xanthophyll that contributes more than 10% of the estimated total production of carotenoids in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an accessory pigment found in the chloroplasts of many <a href="Brown_macroalgae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown macroalgae">brown macroalgae</a>, such as <i><a href="Fucus" title="Fucus">Fucus</a></i> <abbr title="species">spp.</abbr>, and the golden-brown unicellular microalgae, the <a href="Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>. It absorbs blue and green light at bandwidth 450–540 nm, imparting a brownish-olive color to algae.

Fucoxanthin has a highly unique structure that contains both an epoxide bond and hydroxyl groups along with an <a href="Allenes" title="Allenes">allenic</a> bond (two adjacent carbon-carbon double bonds) and a conjugated carbonyl group (carbon-oxygen double bond) in the polyene chain. All of these features provide fucoxanthin with powerful antioxidant activity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In macroalgal plastids, fucoxanthin acts like an <a href="Antenna_pigment" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna pigment">antenna</a> for light harvesting and energy transfer in the photosystem <a href="Light_harvesting_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Light harvesting complex">light harvesting complexes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In diatoms like <i><a href="Phaeodactylum_tricornutum" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeodactylum tricornutum">Phaeodactylum tricornutum</a></i>, fucoxanthin is protein-bound along with chlorophyll to form a light harvesting protein complex.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fucoxanthin is the dominant carotenoid, responsible for up to 60% of the energy transfer to <a href="Chlorophyll_a" title="Chlorophyll a">chlorophyll a</a> in diatoms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When bound to protein, the absorption spectrum of fucoxanthin expands from 450–540 nm to 390–580 nm, a range that is useful in <a href="Aquatic_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic environment">aquatic environments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<p>Fucoxanthin is present in <a href="Brown_seaweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown seaweed">brown seaweeds</a> and <a href="Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a> and was first isolated from <i><a href="Fucus" title="Fucus">Fucus</a></i>, <i><a href="Dictyota" title="Dictyota">Dictyota</a></i>, and <i><a href="Laminaria" title="Laminaria">Laminaria</a></i> by Willstätter and Page in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-peng_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peng-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seaweeds are commonly consumed in south-east Asia and certain countries in Europe, while diatoms are single-cell planktonic microalgae characterized by a golden-brown color, due to their high content of fucoxanthin. Generally, diatoms contain up to four times more fucoxanthin than seaweed, making diatoms a viable source for fucoxanthin industrially.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diatoms can be grown in controlled environments (such as <a href="Photobioreactor" title="Photobioreactor">photobioreactors</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</h2></div>

<p>Limited studies of fucoxanthin in humans indicate low <a href="Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peng_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peng-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDembitskyMaoka2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dembitsky VM, Maoka T (November 2007). "Allenic and cumulenic lipids". <i>Progress in Lipid Research</i>. <b>46</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">328–</span>75. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plipres.2007.07.001">10.1016/j.plipres.2007.07.001</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17765976">17765976</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHuLiuChenWu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hu T, Liu D, Chen Y, Wu J, Wang S (March 2010). "Antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharide fractions extracted from Undaria pinnitafida in vitro". <i>International Journal of Biological Macromolecules</i>. <b>46</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>8. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijbiomac.2009.12.004">10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.12.004</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20025899">20025899</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuglielmiLavaudRousseauEtienne2005" class="citation journal cs1">Guglielmi G, Lavaud J, Rousseau B, Etienne AL, Houmard J, Ruban AV (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01094626/file/Guglielmi_FEBS-J_Modif.pdf">"The light-harvesting antenna of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Evidence for a diadinoxanthin-binding subcomplex"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The FEBS Journal</i>. <b>272</b> (17): <span class="nowrap">4339–</span>48. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1742-4658.2005.04846.x">10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04846.x</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16128804">16128804</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPapagiannakisvan_StokkumFeyBüchel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Papagiannakis E, van Stokkum IH, Fey H, Büchel C, van Grondelle R (November 2005). "Spectroscopic characterization of the excitation energy transfer in the fucoxanthin-chlorophyll protein of diatoms". <i>Photosynthesis Research</i>. <b>86</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>50. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11120-005-1003-8">10.1007/s11120-005-1003-8</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16172942">16172942</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPremvardhanSandbergFeyBirge2008" class="citation journal cs1">Premvardhan L, Sandberg DJ, Fey H, Birge RR, Büchel C, van Grondelle R (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2844098">"The charge-transfer properties of the S2 state of fucoxanthin in solution and in fucoxanthin chlorophyll-a/c2 protein (FCP) based on stark spectroscopy and molecular-orbital theory"</a>. <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry B</i>. <b>112</b> (37): <span class="nowrap">11838–</span>53. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp802689p">10.1021/jp802689p</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2844098">2844098</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18722413">18722413</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWangFanParsonsHu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wang LJ, Fan Y, Parsons RL, Hu GR, Zhang PY, Li FL (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793081">"A Rapid Method for the Determination of Fucoxanthin in Diatom"</a>. <i>Marine Drugs</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 33. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmd16010033">10.3390/md16010033</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793081">5793081</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29361768">29361768</a>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Carotenoids177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">Carotenoids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Carotene" title="Carotene">Carotenes</a> (C<sub>40</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpha-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Carotene">α-Carotene</a></li>

<li><a href="Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">β-Carotene</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamma-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Carotene">γ-Carotene</a></li>

<li><a href="Delta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-Carotene">δ-Carotene</a></li>

<li><a href="Epsilon-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsilon-Carotene">ε-Carotene</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeta-Carotene">ζ-Carotene</a></li>

<li><a href="Lycopene" title="Lycopene">Lycopene</a></li>

<li><a href="Neurosporene" title="Neurosporene">Neurosporene</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytoene" title="Phytoene">Phytoene</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytofluene" title="Phytofluene">Phytofluene</a></li>

<li><a href="Torulene" title="Torulene">Torulene</a></li>

<li><a href="Lycopersene" title="Lycopersene">Lycopersene</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">Xanthophylls</a> (C<sub>40</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antheraxanthin" title="Antheraxanthin">Antheraxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Astaxanthin" title="Astaxanthin">Astaxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Canthaxanthin" title="Canthaxanthin">Canthaxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Citranaxanthin" title="Citranaxanthin">Citranaxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptoxanthin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptoxanthin">Cryptoxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Diadinoxanthin" title="Diadinoxanthin">Diadinoxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Diatoxanthin" title="Diatoxanthin">Diatoxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Dinoxanthin" title="Dinoxanthin">Dinoxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Echinenone" title="Echinenone">Echinenone</a></li>

<li><a href="Flavoxanthin" title="Flavoxanthin">Flavoxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutein" title="Lutein">Lutein</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoxanthin" title="Neoxanthin">Neoxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhodoxanthin" title="Rhodoxanthin">Rhodoxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubixanthin" title="Rubixanthin">Rubixanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Violaxanthin" title="Violaxanthin">Violaxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">Zeaxanthin</a></li>

<li><a href="Zeinoxanthin" title="Zeinoxanthin">Zeinoxanthin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Apocarotenoid" title="Apocarotenoid">Apocarotenoids</a> (C<sub><40</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abscisic_acid" title="Abscisic acid">Abscisic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Apocarotenal" title="Apocarotenal">Apocarotenal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bixin" title="Bixin">Bixin</a></li>

<li><a href="Crocetin" title="Crocetin">Crocetin</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_orange_7" title="Food orange 7">Food orange 7</a></li>

<li><a href="Ionone" title="Ionone">Ionones</a></li>

<li><a href="Peridinin" title="Peridinin">Peridinin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vitamin A retinoids (C<sub>20</sub>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Retinal" title="Retinal">Retinal</a></li>

<li><a href="Retinoic_acid" title="Retinoic acid">Retinoic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Retinol" title="Retinol">Retinol</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoid drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acitretin" title="Acitretin">Acitretin</a></li>

<li><a href="Alitretinoin" title="Alitretinoin">Alitretinoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bexarotene" title="Bexarotene">Bexarotene</a></li>

<li><a href="Etretinate" title="Etretinate">Etretinate</a></li>

<li><a href="Fenretinide" title="Fenretinide">Fenretinide</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotretinoin" title="Isotretinoin">Isotretinoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tazarotene" title="Tazarotene">Tazarotene</a></li>

<li><a href="Temarotene" title="Temarotene">Temarotene</a></li>

<li><a href="Tretinoin" title="Tretinoin">Tretinoin</a></li>

<li><a href="Zuretinol_acetate" title="Zuretinol acetate">Zuretinol acetate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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